The Book of Mormon contains many linguistic similarities to the King James Bible (KJV). In some cases, entire passages are duplicated in the Book of Mormon. Sometimes the quotation is explicit, as in the Second Book of Nephi, which contains 18 quoted chapters of the Book of Isaiah.
Other significant connections between the two books include Book of Mormon words and phrases that only appear in their KJV usage, perpetuation of Bible passages considered by some scholars to have been mistranslated in the KJV, and the possible presence of English homophones.
Most Mormons accept the miraculous origin theory of the Book of Mormon and deny that the KJV was a source for it, arguing that the alleged similarities between the two are artifacts of the divine nature of the creation of the work. In contrast, those who reject the miraculous origin of the Book of Mormon view the KJV as a major source for the Book of Mormon.
Miraculous origin theory
25 Plagiarized Chapters in the Book of Mormon part 1 of 2 - The Book of Mormon is a fraud, Joseph Smith copied 25 chapters from the King James Version Bible into his Book of Mormon, he also tampered with the text, ...
Adherents of Latter Day Saint movement generally believe the Book of Mormon has a miraculous origin. While Joseph Smith described the Book of Mormon as a "translation" of text written on golden plates, Smith had not studied ancient languages and did not "translate" in the traditional sense of the word. Smith claimed a divine origin for his ability to translate.
The existence of biblical passages in the Book of Mormon is explained in the text as being the result of Lehi's family bringing with them a set of brass plates from Jerusalem which containing the writings of Moses, Isaiah, and several prophets not mentioned in the Bible. Regarding this record, 1 Nephi 5:11 states:
And he beheld that they did contain the five books of Moses, which gave an account of the creation of the world, and also of Adam and Eve, who were our first parents;
While most contemporary secular and religious biblical scholars dates the completion of the Pentateuch to no earlier than the Persian period (538â€"323 B.C.), those who accept the miraculous origin theory generally subscribe to the tradition of Mosaic authorship circa 1280 B.C.
Mormon writers have noted that although the portions of the Book of Mormon that quote from the Bible are very similar to the KJV text, they are not identical. Mormon scholars have also noted that at least seven of "the ancient textual variants in question are not significantly different in meaning."
The text of the Book of Mormon is written in an archaic style, and some Latter Day Saints have argued that one would expect a more modern 19th-century vocabulary if Smith had authored the book. The Book of Mormon also appears, according to Skousen, to use archaic phrases that are not found in the KJV but were in current usage at or around the time of its first publication in 1611. For example, in the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon, the original text of what is now Alma 37:37 reads:
counsel the Lord in all thy doings, and he will direct thee for good;
using the word "counsel" to mean "counsel with." When read in modern English, the text as originally written makes it sound as if "the Lord" was to be the one to be counseled. When the 1920 edition of the Book of Mormon was being prepared, the preposition "with" was added in this passage "so that readers would not misinterpret the language." The text of Alma 37:37 now reads:
Counsel with the Lord in all thy doings, and he will direct thee for good;
The older sense of the word "counsel" became obsolete about 250 years prior to Smith's birth.
Another example is "but if" in the original text of Mosiah 3:19: "but if he yieldeth", compared to the current reading; "unless he yieldeth." The use of "but if" to mean "unless" ended around the beginning of the 17th century, predating Smith by 200 years
Purported quotation of ancient sources
The quotation of Isaiah 2:16 by 2 Nephi 12:16, "And upon all the ships of the sea, and upon all the ships of Tarshish, and upon all pleasant pictures" is sometimes used as evidence of an ancient source for the Book of Mormon. The KJV contains only half the phrase, while the Septuagint contains the other half. Some Book of Mormon scholars conclude that an ancient text contained the phrase intact, which the Book of Mormon used as a source, while the Septuagint and the KJV each lost a different half. However, modern scholarship suggests that Isaiah 2:16 is part of a poetic section and is a rhyming couplet; the Book of Mormon contains three phrases at this section where the meter dictates there should be only two, though which of the two is still debated.
One FARMS researcher, John A. Tvedtnes, performed comparisons of the Isaiah variants found in the Book of Mormon with the following versions of the Book of Isaiah: the Hebrew Massoretic text, the Dead Sea scrolls found at Qumran, the Aramaic Targumim, the Peshitta, the Septuagint, the Old Latin and Vulgate, and the Isaiah passages which are quoted in the New Testament. He argues that some of these comparisons show support for the Book of Mormon passages as having been derived from an ancient text. A rebuttal to Tvedtnes's conclusions was given by David P. Wright. In an analysis of each of the examples that Tvedtnes presented, Wright argues that the support given by Tvedtnes was "problematic as proof" and that in some cases Tvedtnes's analysis and evidence was "highly ambiguous, substantially incomplete, strained, or simply in error."
KJV as a source for Book of Mormon
The KJV is seen as a significant source for the Book of Mormon among those who reject the miraculous origin theory. The Mormon faith, however, states that the Book of Mormon is another testament of Jesus Christ's divinity, and that the Bible and BOM together accomplish this purpose. Which would explain their defense that the BOM naturally is similar and even sometimes the same as the Bible.
Quotation of KJV in the Book of Mormon
The Book of Mormon explicitly quotes the prophet Isaiah. It contains 19 chapters of the KJV of Isaiah in their entirety, along with parts of a few other chapters. In total, approximately 30 percent of the Book of Isaiah is quoted in the Book of Mormon (one source counts 478 verses in the Book of Mormon which are quoted from Isaiah).
The Book of Mormon also quotes from the KJV of other books.
The Book of Mormon contains a version of the Sermon on the Mount, which some authors have claimed to be "the Achilles heel of the Book of Mormon." One author makes the point that certain portions of the Greek manuscripts of Matthew 5â€"7 do not agree with the KJV of the text, and concludes that the Book of Mormon version of the sermon should not contain text similar to the KJV.
Perpetuation of KJV translation variations
The KJV of 1769 contains translation variations which also occur in the Book of Mormon. A few examples are 2 Nephi 19:1, 2 Nephi 21:3, and 2 Nephi 16:2. The Book of Mormon references "dragons" and "satyrs" in 2 Nephi 23:21-22, matching the KJV of the Bible.
Use of English homophones
Some examples of homophones found in the English Book of Mormon are the words strait and straight, and the words sun and son.
A few passages in the Book of Mormon appear to use phrases from the KJV, but with certain words changed to English homophones. For example, 3 Nephi 25:2 reads, "But unto you that fear my name, shall the Son of Righteousness arise with healing in his wings; and ye shall go forth and grow up as calves in the stall." This is identical to Malachi 4:2, except that the word "Son" is used in place of "Sun". The two words are homophones in English but dissimilar in Hebrew and in Egyptian.
Unique words and phrases
There are many words and phrases which, when found in the Book of Mormon, exist only in a KJV context, suggesting that the words were not part of the author's daily vocabulary, but were used only in borrowings from the KJV. For example, "fervent" and "elements" each appear twice, both times together in the same phrase, and in the same context as 2 Peter 3:10 (3 Nephi 26:3, Mormon 9:2). Also, "talent" is used only once, in the same context as Matthew 25:28 (Ether 12:35).
Archaic language
The Book of Mormon uses an archaic vocabulary and grammar that reflects 16th- and 17th-century usage (Jacobean English) as opposed to the 19th-century American English. Examples include the use of the word "require" to mean "to request" in Enos 1:18 (compare to KJV Ezra 8:22) and use of "to cast arrows" to mean "to shoot arrows" in Alma 49:4 (compare to KJV Proverbs 26:18).
Example parallels
Example parallels include:
See also
- Linguistics and the Book of Mormon
Notes
References
Further reading
- Tvedtnes, John A. (2010), "Was Joseph Smith Guilty of Plagiarism?", FARMS Review, Maxwell Institute, 22 (1)Â
External links
- Bible References about The Book of Mormon (Mormon Source) from "Moroni's Latter-Day Saint Page" at Moroni10.com
- Origins of the Book of Mormon (Non-Mormon Source) from "Joseph Smith and the Origins of The Book of Mormon" at mrm.org